| 6. Freshwater, Coastal and Marine Environments |
| 6-2. Freshwater environments |
| Freshwater environments such as lakes, ponds, rivers and artificial lakes have been degraded by eutrophication and pollutions with heavy metals, pesticides, endocrine disturbing chemicals, and other harmful organic chemicals. Eutrophication can lead to cyanobacterial blooms in lakes and ponds, and further deterioration of water quality, fish mortality events and death of other animals. Eutrophication and pollutions have been caused by industrial and domestic sources and also from non-point source pollutions. Constructions of dams have lead to an increase in depositions of sediments and increased phytoplankton blooms that have further decreased key nutrients. Freshwater flows into coastal areas and eventually affects nutrient balance, because of deficiency in key nutrients such as silicate and phosphate in freshwater. The subsession will focus on various aspects of the problems of freshwater environments and strategies of managements. |
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